Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review

Steven Oppenheimer

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

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Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review

Steven Oppenheimer

Published in American Journal of Applied Scientific Research (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 27 May 2020 Accepted: 11 June 2020 Published: 20 June 2020

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Abstract

The area of sugar biology (glycobiology) is an under-reported component of the Covid-19 pandemic. This mini-review will provide non-experts with a brief overview of some aspects of glycobiology with emphasis on metabolic pathways and enzymes that are involved in the main topic of this review, the virus glycan shields of HIV and SARS-Cov-2 that help protect the viruses from immunological recognition. The HIV glycan shield is more dense than the SARS-Cov-2 shield and is one reason that a successful HIV vaccine has not yet been developed. The glycan shields of both HIV and SARS-Cov-2 consist of mannose chains and other sugars that resemble host molecules, explaining why they are not strongly recognized by the host’s immune system as foreign. But because of the less dense SARS-Cov-2 glycan shield there is more optimism that an effective SARS-Cov-2 vaccine could be developed. This, in addition, to unusual vaccine approaches using, for example, virus messenger RNA instead of whole cells or viral proteins, and potential use of heparin sulfate to block virus attachment to cells are concepts that will be also discussed. This mini-review therefore begins with an overview of glycobiology to introduce the topic of viral glycan shields of HIV compared with SARS-COV-2. This is followed by discussion of novel vaccine approaches for SARS-COV-2 and the interesting issue of the glycan heparin sulfate that binds to the SARS-COV-2 surface and might be engineered to produce an anti-viral drug.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Scientific Research (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14
Page(s)	46-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Covid-19, HIV, SARS-COV-2, Glycan Shields, m-RNA Vaccines, Heparin Sulfate

References

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[6]	Aleksanyan, H., Liang, j., Metzenberg, S., Oppenheimer, S.. Terminal alpha-D-mannosides are critical during sea urchin gastrulation, Zygote doi: 10.1017/SO967199416000113 (2016).
[7]	Liang, J., Aleksanyan, H., Metzenberg, S., Oppenheimer, S. Involvement of L-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation. Part II: alpha rhamnosidase, Zygote (2016) pp. 37—377.
[8]	Ghazarian, H., Idoni, B., Oppenheimer, S. B. A Glycobiology review, Acta Histochemica 113 (2011), pp. 236-247.
[9]	Lairson, L. L., Henrissat, B., Davies, G. L. Withers, S. G. Glycosyl transferases: structures, functions, and mechanisms Annu Rev Biochem. 77 (2008) pp. 521-555.
[10]	Watanabe, Y., Bowden, T. A., Wilson, I. A., Crispin, M. Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology, Biochim Biophys. Acta Gen Subj 1863 (2019), pp. 480-497.
[11]	Crispin, M., Doores, K. J., Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design Curr. Opin. Virol. 11 (2015) pp. 63-69.
[12]	Seabright, G. E., Doores, K. J., Burton, Crispin, M. Protein and glycan mimicry in HIV vaccine design J. Mol Biol 431 (2019) pp. 2223-2247.
[13]	Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-Cov-2 spike Science 04 May (2020) DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9983.
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[15]	Crispin, M., Ward, A. B., Wilson, I. A. Structure and immune recognition of the HIV glycan shield Annu. Rev. Biophys. 47 (2020), pp. 499-523.
[16]	Chamary, J. V. Unlike HIV, coronavirus has a weak shield https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2020/05/04/coronavirud-v (2020).
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Steven Oppenheimer. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 6(2), 46-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

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ACS Style

Steven Oppenheimer. Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. Am. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2020, 6(2), 46-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

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AMA Style

Steven Oppenheimer. Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. Am J Appl Sci Res. 2020;6(2):46-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14,
  author = {Steven Oppenheimer},
  title = {Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Scientific Research},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {46-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajasr.20200602.14},
  abstract = {The area of sugar biology (glycobiology) is an under-reported component of the Covid-19 pandemic. This mini-review will provide non-experts with a brief overview of some aspects of glycobiology with emphasis on metabolic pathways and enzymes that are involved in the main topic of this review, the virus glycan shields of HIV and SARS-Cov-2 that help protect the viruses from immunological recognition. The HIV glycan shield is more dense than the SARS-Cov-2 shield and is one reason that a successful HIV vaccine has not yet been developed. The glycan shields of both HIV and SARS-Cov-2 consist of mannose chains and other sugars that resemble host molecules, explaining why they are not strongly recognized by the host’s immune system as foreign. But because of the less dense SARS-Cov-2 glycan shield there is more optimism that an effective SARS-Cov-2 vaccine could be developed. This, in addition, to unusual vaccine approaches using, for example, virus messenger RNA instead of whole cells or viral proteins, and potential use of heparin sulfate to block virus attachment to cells are concepts that will be also discussed. This mini-review therefore begins with an overview of glycobiology to introduce the topic of viral glycan shields of HIV compared with SARS-COV-2. This is followed by discussion of novel vaccine approaches for SARS-COV-2 and the interesting issue of the glycan heparin sulfate that binds to the SARS-COV-2 surface and might be engineered to produce an anti-viral drug.},
 year = {2020}
}

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T1  - Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review
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JO  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
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VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Steven Oppenheimer

Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, United States

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APA Style

Steven Oppenheimer. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 6(2), 46-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

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ACS Style

Steven Oppenheimer. Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. Am. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2020, 6(2), 46-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

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AMA Style

Steven Oppenheimer. Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review. Am J Appl Sci Res. 2020;6(2):46-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14,
  author = {Steven Oppenheimer},
  title = {Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Scientific Research},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {46-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajasr.20200602.14},
  abstract = {The area of sugar biology (glycobiology) is an under-reported component of the Covid-19 pandemic. This mini-review will provide non-experts with a brief overview of some aspects of glycobiology with emphasis on metabolic pathways and enzymes that are involved in the main topic of this review, the virus glycan shields of HIV and SARS-Cov-2 that help protect the viruses from immunological recognition. The HIV glycan shield is more dense than the SARS-Cov-2 shield and is one reason that a successful HIV vaccine has not yet been developed. The glycan shields of both HIV and SARS-Cov-2 consist of mannose chains and other sugars that resemble host molecules, explaining why they are not strongly recognized by the host’s immune system as foreign. But because of the less dense SARS-Cov-2 glycan shield there is more optimism that an effective SARS-Cov-2 vaccine could be developed. This, in addition, to unusual vaccine approaches using, for example, virus messenger RNA instead of whole cells or viral proteins, and potential use of heparin sulfate to block virus attachment to cells are concepts that will be also discussed. This mini-review therefore begins with an overview of glycobiology to introduce the topic of viral glycan shields of HIV compared with SARS-COV-2. This is followed by discussion of novel vaccine approaches for SARS-COV-2 and the interesting issue of the glycan heparin sulfate that binds to the SARS-COV-2 surface and might be engineered to produce an anti-viral drug.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review
AU  - Steven Oppenheimer
Y1  - 2020/06/20
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14
T2  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
JF  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
JO  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
SP  - 46
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2471-9730
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20200602.14
AB  - The area of sugar biology (glycobiology) is an under-reported component of the Covid-19 pandemic. This mini-review will provide non-experts with a brief overview of some aspects of glycobiology with emphasis on metabolic pathways and enzymes that are involved in the main topic of this review, the virus glycan shields of HIV and SARS-Cov-2 that help protect the viruses from immunological recognition. The HIV glycan shield is more dense than the SARS-Cov-2 shield and is one reason that a successful HIV vaccine has not yet been developed. The glycan shields of both HIV and SARS-Cov-2 consist of mannose chains and other sugars that resemble host molecules, explaining why they are not strongly recognized by the host’s immune system as foreign. But because of the less dense SARS-Cov-2 glycan shield there is more optimism that an effective SARS-Cov-2 vaccine could be developed. This, in addition, to unusual vaccine approaches using, for example, virus messenger RNA instead of whole cells or viral proteins, and potential use of heparin sulfate to block virus attachment to cells are concepts that will be also discussed. This mini-review therefore begins with an overview of glycobiology to introduce the topic of viral glycan shields of HIV compared with SARS-COV-2. This is followed by discussion of novel vaccine approaches for SARS-COV-2 and the interesting issue of the glycan heparin sulfate that binds to the SARS-COV-2 surface and might be engineered to produce an anti-viral drug.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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